Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled Egypt from 399 to 380 BCE, founded by Nepherites I after the overthrow of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty. Its kings defended Egypt’s independence amid Persian and Greek power struggles.

Nepherites I: The founder and first king of Egypt’s Twenty-ninth Dynasty, who ruled from 399 to 393 BCE. He established the dynasty after overthrowing the Twenty-eighth Dynasty.
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt: The last native Egyptian dynasty before the second Persian conquest, ruling from 380 to 343 BCE. It followed the Twenty-ninth Dynasty after Nectanebo I’s takeover.
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt: A short-lived Egyptian dynasty founded by Amyrtaeus, ruling from about 404 to 399 BCE. Its overthrow by Nepherites I directly preceded the Twenty-ninth Dynasty.
Mendes: An ancient city in the Nile Delta, known in Egyptian as Djedet. Nepherites I made Mendes his power base and was buried there.
Psammuthes: A king of Egypt who briefly ruled during the Twenty-ninth Dynasty, around 393 BCE. His short-lived seizure of the throne interrupted Nepherites I’s succession.
Achaemenid Empire: The ancient Persian empire founded by Cyrus the Great and ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty. Persian attempts to recover Egypt shaped the dynasty’s military and diplomatic choices.
Amyrtaeus: The Egyptian ruler who led a revolt against Persian rule and founded the Twenty-eighth Dynasty. His dynasty’s collapse created the opening for Nepherites I’s rise.
Nepherites I's sarcophagus: A stone sarcophagus attributed to Nepherites I, found at Mendes and later reused. Its remains connect the dynasty’s founder with its Delta capital.
Hakor: A king of Egypt who ruled from about 393 to 380 BCE, chiefly during the Twenty-ninth Dynasty. His long reign and foreign alliances defined the dynasty’s later years.
Artaxerxes II: The Achaemenid king who ruled Persia from 404 to 358 BCE. His campaigns and negotiations with Greek states affected the struggle over Egypt.

Linked from 4 pages

Late Period of EgyptBroader topic: Its rulers defended independence while Persian reconquest remained a threat.