Tyre

Tyre was an ancient Phoenician city on the coast of present-day Lebanon, renowned for maritime trade, purple dye, and colonies across the Mediterranean.

Phoenicia: An ancient civilization centered on city-states along the eastern Mediterranean coast, including Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos. Tyre was one of Phoenicia’s leading city-states.
Phoenician trade: The maritime exchange network through which Phoenician cities moved goods and connected Mediterranean societies. Tyre’s merchants operated within this wider commercial network.
Island city: A settlement built on an island, often gaining protection and control over nearby sea routes. Ancient Tyre’s offshore island core made land attacks difficult.
Assyrian Empire: An ancient Near Eastern empire that repeatedly campaigned against Levantine kingdoms and city-states. Assyrian pressure tested Tyre’s autonomy and commercial power.
Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC): Nebuchadnezzar II’s prolonged siege of Tyre, conventionally dated from 586 to 573 BCE. This siege illustrates Tyre’s resistance to Babylonian expansion.
Sidon: An ancient Phoenician city on the coast of present-day Lebanon, north of Tyre. Tyre’s close neighbor was also a major maritime city-state.
Tyrian purple: A costly reddish-purple dye made from secretions of marine murex snails and associated especially with Tyre. The dye became one of Tyre’s most famous and valuable exports.
Siege of Tyre (332 BC): Alexander the Great’s seven-month siege and capture of Tyre in 332 BCE, achieved partly by building a causeway to the island. The siege overcame Tyre’s sea defenses by joining the island to the mainland.
Babylonian Empire: An ancient Mesopotamian empire that conquered Jerusalem and besieged Tyre under Nebuchadnezzar II. Nebuchadnezzar’s long siege weakened Tyre in the sixth century BCE.
Tyre Sarcophagus: A Phoenician marble sarcophagus from Tyre, generally identified with King Ahiram and dated around the tenth century BCE. Its inscription is an early and celebrated example of Phoenician writing.

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