Ukrainization

Ukrainization was a 1920s Soviet policy that expanded the use of Ukrainian language and culture in government, education, publishing, and public life.

Korenizatsiya: An early Soviet policy of promoting local languages and recruiting indigenous peoples into regional governments and Communist parties. Ukrainization was the Ukrainian implementation of this broader Soviet policy.
Bolshevik nationalities policy: The Bolshevik approach to governing the Soviet Union’s diverse national groups through formal recognition and controlled autonomy. Ukrainization applied this approach to the Ukrainian Soviet republic.
Mykola Skrypnyk: A Bolshevik leader who promoted Ukrainian language and cultural policies as Ukraine’s education commissar. He became the policy’s most prominent political advocate.
Executed Renaissance: The generation of Ukrainian writers and artists of the 1920s and early 1930s, many of whom were executed or repressed under Stalin. Its flourishing and destruction mark the human cost of the policy’s brief cultural opening.
Communist Party of Ukraine: The governing branch of the Soviet Communist Party in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Its internal debates reveal the limits imposed on cultural policy by party discipline.
Ukrainianization of education: The expansion of Ukrainian as a language of instruction in schools and other educational institutions. Schools were a central channel for making Ukrainian the language of public life.
Ukrainian War of Independence: The conflict from 1917 to 1921 over Ukraine’s political future after the Russian Empire collapsed. The war made Ukrainian national identity a pressing political issue for the Bolsheviks.
Oleksandr Shumskyi: A Ukrainian communist who advocated stronger Ukrainian representation in the party and state. His demands exposed tensions over how far Ukrainization should go.
Holodomor: The famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, caused by Soviet policies and recognized by Ukraine as genocide. The famine accompanied the broader Stalinist assault that dismantled Ukrainization.
Ukrainian national communism: A current of Ukrainian communism that sought to combine Soviet rule with national cultural and political development. Its ambitions overlapped with, but exceeded, the official language program.

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