Ulaanbaatar

Ulaanbaatar is Mongolia’s capital and largest city, located in the north-central part of the country. It is the country’s political, economic, and cultural center.

Örgöö: Örgöö was the mobile monastic settlement that became Ulaanbaatar. Its relocations across Mongolia preceded the city’s permanent establishment at its present site.
Tuul River: The Tuul is a river that flows through central Mongolia and past Ulaanbaatar. Its valley shaped the city’s location and constrains development along the southern edge.
Government Palace of Mongolia: The Government Palace of Mongolia is the seat of the country’s parliament and government in Ulaanbaatar. Its central location makes the capital’s political function visible in the cityscape.
Ulaanbaatar air pollution: Ulaanbaatar air pollution is a severe wintertime concentration of particulate matter and other harmful pollutants. Coal heating in ger districts and temperature inversions make winter air especially hazardous.
Gandan Monastery: Gandan Monastery is Ulaanbaatar’s largest Buddhist monastery and a major center of Mongolian Buddhism. Its survival and revival make it a visible center of religious life in the capital.
Bogd Khan: Bogd Khan was Mongolia’s last theocratic ruler and a major Buddhist religious leader. His rule made the settlement a center of Mongolian religious and political authority.
Bogd Khan Mountain: Bogd Khan Mountain is a protected mountain south of Ulaanbaatar. The mountain forms a prominent natural boundary beside the expanding city.
Sükhbaatar Square: Sükhbaatar Square is Ulaanbaatar’s central public square, named for revolutionary leader Damdin Sükhbaatar. The square hosts state ceremonies and demonstrations at the heart of national public life.
Temperature inversion: A temperature inversion occurs when warmer air overlies cooler air near the ground, limiting vertical mixing. Inversions trap pollutants over Ulaanbaatar during cold, still winter conditions.
Zaisan Memorial: The Zaisan Memorial is a Soviet-era monument on a hill overlooking Ulaanbaatar. Its murals and viewpoint preserve a conspicuous trace of Mongolia’s socialist-era ties with the Soviet Union.

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