Umayyad campaigns in India

Military expeditions by the Umayyad Caliphate into the Indian subcontinent, including the conquest of Sindh and later incursions into western India.

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Umayyad conquest of Sindh: The Umayyad invasion that established Arab rule over Sindh in the early eighth century. This was the campaigns’ major, durable conquest in the subcontinent.
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf: An Umayyad governor of Iraq who directed eastern policy and commissioned the Sindh expedition. He organized the campaign that placed Muhammad ibn Qasim in command.
Junaid ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri: An Umayyad governor of Sindh associated with campaigns into western India in the early eighth century. His expeditions extended Arab military activity beyond the initial conquest.
Arab rule in Sindh: The period of Muslim political rule in Sindh that began with the Arab conquest in the eighth century. The campaigns’ clearest lasting political result was control of Sindh.
Chach Nama: A Persian chronicle recounting the Arab conquest of Sindh and the region’s earlier rulers. Its dramatic account must be weighed against its later date and literary form.
Muhammad ibn Qasim: An Umayyad commander who conquered Sindh in 711–712. His expedition brought the lower Indus region under Umayyad control.
Qutayba ibn Muslim: An Umayyad general who led campaigns across Central Asia in the early eighth century. His eastern conquests formed the wider frontier context for Indian expeditions.
Al-Baladhuri: A ninth-century Muslim historian whose account of the Arab conquests preserves reports about Sindh. His narrative is a major source for the conquest and its aftermath.
Mansura: A city in Sindh that became an important center of Arab rule. It anchored administration after the initial military conquests.
Futuh al-Buldan: A ninth-century Arabic account by al-Baladhuri of Muslim territorial conquests. It preserves a separate tradition about the conquest of Sindh.