United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The sovereign state created in 1801 by joining Great Britain and Ireland. It became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after most of Ireland left the union in 1922.

Acts of Union 1800: Legislation passed by the British and Irish parliaments that united Great Britain and Ireland from 1 January 1801. These acts legally created the state and abolished the separate Irish Parliament.
Parliament of the United Kingdom: The legislature of the United Kingdom, comprising the House of Commons and House of Lords. The 1801 settlement transferred Irish representation into a single parliament at Westminster.
Robert Emmet: An Irish republican who led an unsuccessful rising against British rule in Dublin in 1803. His rebellion showed that resistance to the new union persisted after 1801.
Irish War of Independence: A conflict from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces over Irish independence. The conflict forced negotiations over the future of Ireland within the union.
Irish Home Rule Bill 1886: A bill introduced by William Gladstone to establish a legislature for Ireland within the United Kingdom. Unlike union, it proposed Irish self-government without dissolving the shared sovereign state.
Kingdom of Great Britain: The state formed in 1707 by uniting the kingdoms of England and Scotland. It was the British predecessor state that entered the 1801 union with Ireland.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland: The Crown’s representative in Ireland, heading the viceregal administration from Dublin Castle. The office remained central to governing Ireland within the united state.
Daniel O'Connell: An Irish political leader who campaigned for Catholic emancipation and repeal of the union. O’Connell made repeal a mass political cause within the united state.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: The 1921 agreement that established the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth. The treaty gave most of Ireland a path out of the United Kingdom.
Irish Home Rule Bill 1893: A second Gladstone bill proposing an Irish legislature, passed by the Commons but rejected by the Lords. Its defeat preserved the union despite growing demands for legislative autonomy.

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