United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

A monarchy joining Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves from 1815 to 1822, created while the Portuguese royal court was based in Rio de Janeiro.

Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil: The relocation of Portugal’s royal court to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 during the Napoleonic invasions. The court’s presence in Rio made Brazil’s elevation within the monarchy politically consequential.
Elevation of Brazil to a Kingdom: The 1815 change that raised Brazil from a Portuguese colony to a kingdom within the united monarchy. This legal change established the kingdom’s formal three-part structure.
Liberal Revolution of 1820: A revolution in Portugal that established a constitutional government and demanded the king’s return from Brazil. Its demands brought the royal court back to Europe and sharpened conflict over Brazil’s status.
Creation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves: The 1815 royal act that raised Brazil to kingdom status and united it with Portugal and the Algarves. It formally created the political entity named on this page.
Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal: The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 that prompted the royal family and court to flee to Brazil. The invasion set in motion the court’s relocation and the kingdom’s transatlantic transformation.
Portuguese Empire: The overseas territories and political possessions governed by Portugal from the fifteenth century into the twentieth. The united kingdom reorganized the empire’s central relationship between Portugal and Brazil.
Return of João VI to Portugal: João VI’s 1821 return to Lisbon after more than a decade governing from Rio de Janeiro. His departure left his son Pedro in Brazil as Portugal sought to restore direct control.
Congress of Vienna: The 1814–1815 diplomatic congress that redrew Europe after Napoleon’s defeat. Portugal elevated Brazil during the diplomatic settlement that followed the Napoleonic Wars.
Treaty of Fontainebleau: A secret 1807 agreement between France and Spain to partition Portugal and divide its empire. The treaty formed part of the immediate diplomatic crisis behind the royal departure.
Rio de Janeiro: A Brazilian city that served as the seat of the Portuguese monarchy from 1808 to 1821. The kingdom’s government operated from Rio even after Brazil became a kingdom.

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