United States invasion of Panama

A U.S. military operation launched in December 1989 that removed Manuel Noriega from power and installed the government of President-elect Guillermo Endara.

Operation Just Cause: The U.S. military operation conducted in Panama from December 1989 to January 1990. This was the operation's official name and the campaign that carried out the invasion.
1989 Panamanian general election: A national election in Panama whose opposition victory was annulled by Manuel Noriega's government. The annulled result strengthened U.S. claims that Noriega had denied Endara's electoral mandate.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 44/240: A 1989 resolution condemning the U.S. invasion of Panama as a flagrant violation of international law. It records the international condemnation that followed the operation.
Panamanian sovereignty: Panama's authority to govern its territory and make political decisions without external control. Opponents argued that the invasion violated the sovereignty the United States had formally recognized.
Manuel Noriega: Panamanian military ruler who governed the country from 1983 until his removal in 1989. U.S. forces sought to capture him, and he surrendered after taking refuge in the Vatican embassy.
Torrijos–Carter Treaties: Two 1977 treaties that arranged the gradual transfer of the Panama Canal from U.S. to Panamanian control. Disputes over the canal treaties shaped the broader relationship in which the crisis unfolded.
Operation Promote Liberty: The U.S. military mission in Panama after the invasion, focused on supporting the new government and restoring order. It followed the combat operation as U.S. forces continued security and stabilization work.
United States invasion of Grenada: A 1983 U.S. military operation that overthrew Grenada's revolutionary government. It was a recent U.S. intervention often compared with the Panama operation.
Guillermo Endara: Panamanian politician who won the May 1989 presidential election and took office after Noriega's removal. U.S. forces installed Endara and his vice presidents as Panama's government during the operation.
Panama Canal: An artificial waterway across Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The canal's security and treaty obligations featured in U.S. explanations for intervention.

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