United States occupation of Haiti

A period of U.S. military rule in Haiti from the 1915 invasion until American forces withdrew in 1934, marked by political control, financial oversight, and armed resistance.

1915 invasion of Haiti: The United States Marine Corps landing in Haiti in July 1915, followed by the overthrow of the government and occupation. The invasion began the military rule that defined the occupation.
Caco Wars: Armed uprisings by Haitian rural fighters against domestic governments and, during the occupation, U.S. forces. The Caco resistance made occupation rule a prolonged military conflict.
Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam: Haiti's president in 1915, killed by a crowd after ordering the execution of political prisoners. His killing precipitated the U.S. landing that began the occupation.
Haitian Revolution: The 1791–1804 revolution that ended French colonial rule and established Haiti as an independent state. The occupation reversed the revolution's defining achievement of freedom from foreign rule.
Gendarmerie d'Haïti: A Haitian constabulary organized and led by U.S. Marines during the occupation. It enforced occupation policies and fought armed resistance across Haiti.
Charlemagne Péralte: A Haitian nationalist leader who headed armed resistance to the U.S. occupation until his death in 1919. His rebellion became a central symbol of resistance to foreign rule.
Woodrow Wilson: The 28th president of the United States, whose administration sent Marines to Haiti in 1915. His administration framed intervention as a response to instability while securing U.S. influence.
United States occupation of the Dominican Republic: A period of U.S. military government in the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924. The neighboring occupation shared U.S. strategic motives but had a different duration and political settlement.
Haitian Constitution of 1918: A constitution adopted under U.S. occupation that permitted foreign land ownership and strengthened presidential authority. Its adoption demonstrated how occupation authorities reshaped Haiti's legal order.
1929 Haitian student strike: A protest movement led by Haitian students in 1929 against the occupation and its political and economic order. The strike helped build pressure for an end to U.S. rule.

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