Up quark

The up quark is an elementary fermion with electric charge +⅔ and the lightest mass among the six quark flavors. It combines with down quarks to form protons and neutrons.

Quark: A fundamental fermion that participates in the strong interaction and carries color charge. The up quark is one of six quark flavors.
Quantum chromodynamics: The quantum field theory describing the strong interaction among quarks and gluons. It governs how up quarks interact and bind inside hadrons.
Murray Gell-Mann: The physicist who introduced the quark model to organize hadrons in 1964. His model proposed the up quark as a constituent of protons and neutrons.
Hadron collider: A particle accelerator that collides hadrons at high energies to study fundamental particles and forces. Collisions produce events used to measure up-quark interactions and distributions.
Charm quark: A second-generation quark with electric charge +⅔ and substantially greater mass than the up quark. It shares the up quark’s charge but belongs to a heavier generation.
Down quark: An elementary quark with electric charge −⅓, found in protons and neutrons. Up and down quarks are the light flavors that make ordinary nucleons.
Gluon: A massless gauge boson that mediates the strong interaction and carries color charge. Gluon exchange binds up quarks to the other quarks in a nucleon.
George Zweig: The physicist who independently developed a constituent-particle model of hadrons in 1964. His “aces” model independently described the constituents later called quarks.
Nucleon form factor: A function describing how a nucleon’s internal charge and current are distributed in momentum space. Up-quark charge contributes strongly to the proton’s measured electromagnetic structure.
Top quark: The heaviest known elementary particle, a third-generation quark with charge +⅔. It shares the up-type charge while contrasting sharply in mass and lifetime.

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