Urban density

Urban density measures how many people, homes, or buildings occupy a given area. Its value depends on what is counted, the area boundary, and the scale of measurement.

Population density: The number of people living within a defined unit of land area. It is the people-per-area measure most commonly used to describe urban density.
Compact city: An urban form that concentrates development and activities within a relatively small area. Compact development is a planning approach that often raises urban density.
Housing affordability: The ability of households to obtain housing without excessive financial strain. Restrictions on added housing density can constrain supply where demand is high.
Gross density: The number of people or dwellings per area that includes streets and other nonresidential land. It contrasts with net density by including more of the surrounding urban fabric.
Vehicle miles traveled: The total distance traveled by motor vehicles over a specified period or by a defined population. Compact, dense development is often associated with shorter trips and lower driving distances.
Dwelling density: The number of housing units within a defined land area. It counts homes rather than residents, revealing residential intensity.
Transit-oriented development: Dense, mixed-use development located near high-capacity public transportation. It links concentrated development with access to transit.
Public transportation: Shared passenger transport services available to the public, such as buses and trains. Higher concentrations of residents and destinations can support frequent transit service.
Building density: The concentration of buildings within a defined area, measured by counts or built footprint. It counts structures rather than the people or housing units within them.
Carbon emissions: The release of carbon dioxide and other carbon-containing gases into the atmosphere. Density can affect transport and building emissions, with outcomes shaped by energy and travel choices.

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