Urdu alphabet

The Urdu alphabet is an Arabic-derived Perso-Arabic writing system adapted to Urdu, with additional letters and conventions for representing the language’s sounds.

Perso-Arabic script: A family of Arabic-derived writing systems adapted for Persian and other languages. Urdu belongs to this script family, whose conventions it adapts.
Arabic letter joining: The script rule by which many Arabic-script letters connect to neighboring letters in a word. Urdu letters change shape according to their position and joining context.
Persian alphabet: An Arabic-derived alphabet adapted to write Persian, including letters absent from Arabic. Persian writing transmitted many conventions and letter forms into Urdu.
Urdu orthography: The spelling conventions used to write Urdu, including letter choices and vowel representation. It explains how Urdu words are conventionally spelled with the alphabet.
Arabic alphabet: The consonant-based script used to write Arabic and adapted for several other languages. It supplies the historical letter base from which Urdu writing developed.
Arabic-script positional forms: The initial, medial, final, and isolated shapes used by many Arabic-script letters. These forms determine the visible shape of Urdu letters inside words.
Urdu language: An Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in Pakistan and India, written in a Perso-Arabic script. The alphabet’s adaptations are shaped by Urdu phonology and spelling.
Urdu Braille: A Braille system that represents Urdu writing through patterns of raised dots. It adapts Urdu letters and reading conventions to tactile literacy.
Nastaʿlīq: A flowing calligraphic style of Perso-Arabic script, characterized by sloping, suspended lines. It is the dominant traditional style for printed and handwritten Urdu.
Unicode Arabic: The Unicode character repertoire and encoding rules for Arabic and related scripts. Digital Urdu text depends on encoded characters and shaping behavior defined for Arabic-script writing.

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