Vanadium(V) oxide

Vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅) is a yellow-orange inorganic solid in which vanadium has oxidation state +5. It is used chiefly as a catalyst and as a precursor for vanadium-based materials.

Contact process: An industrial process that converts sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, using a solid catalyst. V₂O₅ catalyzes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in this process.
Sulfuric acid: A strong diprotic mineral acid produced on a large industrial scale. V₂O₅ helps manufacture sulfuric acid by catalyzing sulfur dioxide oxidation.
Vanadium: A transition metal with atomic number 23, known for forming compounds in several oxidation states. V₂O₅’s redox chemistry reflects vanadium’s range of accessible oxidation states.
Occupational exposure limit: A regulatory or advisory limit on a hazardous substance’s concentration in workplace air. Workplace controls address inhalation exposure to V₂O₅ dust and fumes.
Mars–van Krevelen mechanism: A catalytic mechanism in which reactants consume catalyst lattice oxygen, later replenished by gas-phase oxygen. It describes how V₂O₅ can transfer lattice oxygen during oxidation reactions.
Vanadium redox flow battery: A rechargeable battery that stores energy in vanadium ions dissolved in separate electrolyte tanks. V₂O₅ is a potential source material for vanadium battery electrolytes.
Oxidation state: A formal accounting of an atom’s electron ownership in a chemical compound. Vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state in stoichiometric V₂O₅.
Respiratory toxicity: Harmful effects of a substance on the respiratory tract and lungs. Inhaled V₂O₅ can irritate and damage the respiratory system.
Heterogeneous catalysis: Catalysis in which the catalyst and reactants occupy different phases. V₂O₅ commonly catalyzes reactions as a solid contacted by gases.
Vanadium phosphate catalyst: A family of catalysts used mainly to oxidize butane into maleic anhydride. These catalysts provide an industrial comparison with V₂O₅-based oxidation catalysts.

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