Vandana Shiva

Vandana Shiva is an Indian scholar and environmental activist known for opposing industrial agriculture and advocating biodiversity, seed sovereignty, and ecological farming.

Navdanya: An Indian organization founded by Vandana Shiva that promotes seed conservation, biodiversity, and organic farming. Shiva founded Navdanya to conserve native seeds and support farmer-led agriculture.
Seed sovereignty: The right of farmers and communities to save, exchange, and develop seeds outside restrictive corporate control. It is a central political goal in Shiva's campaigns for farmer autonomy.
Seed patent: A patent granting exclusive rights over a qualifying invention involving a plant variety or seed technology. Shiva challenges patent systems she sees as concentrating control over seeds.
Norman Borlaug: An American agronomist whose wheat-breeding work helped drive the Green Revolution and earned him the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. His legacy embodies the high-yield agricultural model Shiva criticizes.
Chipko movement: A forest conservation movement in India whose participants used nonviolent resistance to oppose tree felling. Shiva has cited this movement as an influence on her environmental activism.
Agroecology: The application of ecological principles to the design and management of sustainable food and farming systems. Shiva presents agroecological methods as alternatives to input-intensive industrial farming.
Monsanto: A former American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology company acquired by Bayer in 2018. Shiva frequently criticized Monsanto's influence over seeds, pesticides, and farming policy.
Bt brinjal: An eggplant genetically engineered to resist insect pests using a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. Debate over its proposed cultivation in India illustrates conflicts Shiva has engaged over crop biotechnology.
Green Revolution in India: The spread of high-yield crops, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation that increased Indian food-grain production from the 1960s. Shiva criticizes its dependence on chemical inputs and its social and ecological costs.
Seed saving: The practice of collecting and storing seeds for future planting and sharing. Navdanya's seed banks put Shiva's defense of local seed systems into practice.

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