Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid phase at a given temperature. It depends on temperature and the substance’s identity, not on the amount of liquid present when both phases remain.

Dynamic equilibrium: A condition in which opposing processes continue at equal rates, producing no net change in a system. Evaporation and condensation balance at the phase boundary when vapor pressure is established.
Pressure: The force exerted per unit area by a fluid or other material. Vapor pressure is a particular pressure arising from gas molecules above a condensed phase.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. Boiling begins when vapor pressure can match the pressure outside the liquid.
Boiling: The rapid formation of vapor bubbles throughout a liquid when its vapor pressure reaches the surrounding pressure. A liquid can have vapor pressure well below ambient pressure without boiling.
Evaporation: The change of a substance from liquid to gas at its surface. Molecules escaping the liquid build the vapor whose pressure approaches equilibrium.
Phase equilibrium: A state in which two or more phases coexist without net transfer of matter between them. Vapor pressure is defined by coexistence of vapor with liquid or solid.
Raoult's law: A relation stating that a component’s partial vapor pressure is proportional to its mole fraction in an ideal liquid mixture. It predicts how dissolving a substance changes a solvent’s vapor pressure.
Total pressure: The combined pressure exerted by all components of a gas mixture. A vapor’s partial pressure is only one contribution to the mixture’s total pressure.
Condensation: The change of a gas or vapor into a liquid. Returning vapor molecules counter evaporation and help set the equilibrium pressure.
Chemical potential: A thermodynamic quantity measuring how a system’s energy changes when matter is added. Equality of chemical potential across phases expresses the equilibrium underlying vapor pressure.

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