Vaporization

Vaporization is the physical change by which a substance becomes vapor, through evaporation or boiling from a liquid or sublimation from a solid.

Evaporation: The gradual formation of vapor at a liquid’s surface, possible below its boiling point. It is the surface-driven route from liquid to vapor.
Latent heat of vaporization: The energy required to convert a unit mass of liquid into vapor at constant temperature and pressure. It measures the energy absorbed during liquid-to-vapor change.
Distillation: A separation method that vaporizes a mixture and condenses components according to their differing volatilities. It uses selective vaporization to separate liquid mixtures.
Condensation: The transition of a gas or vapor into a liquid. It reverses liquid-to-vapor change and releases latent heat.
Boiling: Rapid vapor formation throughout a liquid when its vapor pressure matches the surrounding pressure. It is the bulk liquid-to-vapor route, unlike surface-only evaporation.
Enthalpy of vaporization: The enthalpy change when a substance converts from liquid to vapor at constant pressure. It quantifies vaporization energy on a molar or mass basis.
Evaporative cooling: Cooling caused when higher-energy molecules escape from a liquid as vapor. It turns vaporization’s energy demand into a cooling effect.
Melting: The transition of a solid into a liquid. It changes phase without producing vapor.
Sublimation: The direct transition of a solid into gas without passing through a liquid state. It is vaporization that begins in a solid rather than a liquid.
Clausius–Clapeyron relation: An equation relating changes in phase-boundary pressure to temperature and enthalpy change. It predicts how vapor pressure and boiling conditions shift with temperature.

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