Knowra Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela is a country on the northern coast of South America, bordered by Colombia, Brazil, Guyana, and the Caribbean Sea. Its landscapes range from Caribbean islands and the Andes to the Orinoco plains and Guiana Highlands.
Caracas : Caracas is Venezuela’s capital and largest city, situated in a mountain valley near the Caribbean coast. The capital concentrates national government, culture, and much of the country’s urban life.
Spanish colonization of the Americas : Spanish colonization of the Americas was the conquest and settlement of much of the continent by Spain from the late fifteenth century onward. Spanish rule established colonial institutions and social hierarchies in the territory that became Venezuela.
Petroleum industry in Venezuela : Venezuela’s petroleum industry extracts and processes oil from major fields, including the Orinoco Belt and Lake Maracaibo basin. Oil revenues became a principal source of public income and influence over the national economy.
Bolivarian Revolution : The Bolivarian Revolution is the political and social project initiated under Hugo Chávez after his 1998 election as president. It reorganized institutions and redistributed political power around a new constitutional order.
Colombia : Colombia is a country in northwestern South America bordered by Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. Its shared border and migration ties provide a close comparison with Venezuela’s political and economic trajectory.
Orinoco River : The Orinoco is a major river of northern South America, flowing through Venezuela and along part of its border with Colombia. Its basin shapes central and eastern Venezuela and supports extensive wetlands and transport routes.
Captaincy General of Venezuela : The Captaincy General of Venezuela was a Spanish colonial administrative and military jurisdiction established in 1777. It consolidated several provinces into a precursor of the modern country.
Petróleos de Venezuela : Petróleos de Venezuela, or PDVSA, is the state-owned company responsible for much of Venezuela’s petroleum industry. The company channels state control over oil production and exports.
Hugo Chávez : Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan military officer and president from 1999 until his death in 2013. His presidency transformed the state’s use of oil income and reshaped domestic and foreign policy.
Guyana : Guyana is a country on the northern coast of South America, east of Venezuela and west of Suriname. Its administration of Essequibo contrasts with Venezuela’s longstanding territorial claim.
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