Venezuelan War of Independence

The Venezuelan War of Independence was a conflict from 1810 to 1823 in which patriots fought Spanish rule, securing independence and helping create Gran Colombia.

First Republic of Venezuela: The short-lived Venezuelan republic established in 1811 and defeated by royalist forces in 1812. Its collapse exposed the fragility of the first patriot government.
Peninsular War: The 1807–1814 conflict in which Spain and Portugal resisted Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon’s overthrow of Spain’s monarchy triggered the authority crisis that reached Caracas.
Simón Bolívar: A Venezuelan military and political leader who helped liberate northern South America from Spanish rule. His campaigns and political leadership linked Venezuelan independence to the liberation of New Granada.
Gran Colombia: A republic founded in 1819 that united present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama until its dissolution in 1831. Venezuelan independence was achieved within this union, whose breakup soon followed.
Haitian Revolution: A revolution from 1791 to 1804 that ended slavery and French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, founding Haiti. Its social revolution and abolitionist outcome contrasted with Venezuela’s changing patriot coalition.
Spanish reconquest of New Granada: A Spanish military campaign from 1815 to 1816 that restored royalist rule across much of New Granada. Its advance drove patriot leaders and troops toward the eastern plains.
Junta of Caracas: A governing council formed in Caracas on 19 April 1810 after local leaders rejected Spanish authorities. Its takeover began the political break that escalated into war.
Francisco de Miranda: A Venezuelan revolutionary who sought Spanish American independence and led the First Republic’s forces. His earlier revolutionary career and 1812 command framed the war’s first phase.
Congress of Angostura: A Venezuelan congress convened by Bolívar in 1819 that laid foundations for the Republic of Colombia. Its constitutional decisions helped turn wartime victories into a shared republic.
American Revolutionary War: The 1775–1783 conflict in which thirteen British colonies won independence and formed the United States. Both wars broke imperial rule, but Venezuela’s conflict unfolded amid Spanish America’s fragmented political crisis.

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