Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun, with a dense carbon-dioxide atmosphere and a surface hot enough to melt lead. Its thick clouds and reflective atmosphere make it the brightest planet seen from Earth.

Runaway greenhouse effect: A climate feedback in which warming increases greenhouse trapping until a planet reaches a much hotter equilibrium. Venus is the clearest Solar System example of a surface transformed by extreme greenhouse warming.
Maxwell Montes: The highest mountain range on Venus, rising about 11 kilometers above the planet’s mean radius. Its radar-bright peaks are a striking highland feature in the Ishtar Terra region.
Formation and evolution of Venus: The history of Venus’s formation, interior, atmosphere, and surface from the early Solar System to the present. Its climate and geological past may explain how it became so different from Earth.
Planetary habitability: The capacity of a planetary environment to support life, especially through suitable conditions for liquid water. Venus shows how habitability can be lost on a rocky planet near Earth’s size.
Phosphine on Venus: A disputed report of phosphine in Venus’s atmosphere that has prompted debate over measurements and possible chemical sources. The claim raised questions about atmospheric chemistry but has not established evidence of life.
Atmospheric pressure: The force exerted by the weight of a gas per unit area. At Venus’s surface, pressure is roughly 92 times Earth’s sea-level pressure.
Ishtar Terra: A large highland region on Venus that includes Maxwell Montes and the Lakshmi Planum plateau. It is one of Venus’s two major continent-sized elevated regions.
Earth: The third planet from the Sun and the only known world with persistent surface liquid water and life. Earth and Venus began as neighboring rocky planets but developed radically different climates.
Exoplanet climate: The atmospheric and surface conditions of planets orbiting stars beyond the Sun. Venus provides a nearby comparison for interpreting hot, rocky exoplanets.
Life on Venus: The unresolved possibility that life exists or once existed in Venus’s atmosphere or past environments. The planet’s clouds are discussed as a possible habitat, though their acidity and dryness pose severe challenges.

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