Vietnam under Chinese rule

A series of periods from 111 BCE to 939 CE when Chinese dynasties governed much of northern Vietnam, interrupted by brief periods of independence.

Jiaozhou: A Chinese administrative region encompassing much of northern Vietnam during successive periods of imperial rule. Its changing boundaries and offices show how Chinese dynasties organized conquered territory.
Nanyue conquest: The Han conquest of the kingdom of Nanyue in 111 BCE, which brought its Vietnamese territories under imperial administration. It marks the beginning of the long sequence of Chinese dynastic rule.
Trưng Sisters: Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, sisters who led a revolt against Han rule in 40 CE. Their uprising established a short-lived independent regime and became a lasting symbol of resistance.
Sinitic languages: A language family that includes Chinese varieties such as Mandarin, Cantonese, and Classical Chinese. Classical Chinese became the language of administration and elite writing in Vietnam.
Trưng Sisters' rebellion: A revolt against Han rule that began in 40 CE and established a short-lived independent regime. It is the best-known early challenge to imperial administration.
Han dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE. Han forces conquered Nanyue in 111 BCE and established direct rule in the Red River region.
Triệu dynasty: A dynasty that ruled Nanyue from 204 to 111 BCE, founded by the military governor Zhao Tuo. Its defeat ended an independent kingdom whose territory included the Red River delta.
Lady Triệu: A Vietnamese rebel leader who fought the Eastern Wu in the third century CE. Her rebellion shows that resistance continued after the Trưng Sisters' defeat.
Chữ Hán: The Chinese-character writing system used in Vietnam for government, scholarship, and literature. Its use persisted in Vietnamese statecraft long after political independence.
Mai Thúc Loan's rebellion: An uprising against Tang rule in 722 led by Mai Thúc Loan, also known as Mai Hắc Đế. Its broad support demonstrated the capacity of local resistance to threaten Tang control.

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