Violin plot

A statistical graph that mirrors a probability-density estimate around a central axis, showing a distribution’s shape and spread. It often includes a box plot or summary statistics.

Kernel density estimation: A method for estimating a probability density by smoothing observations with a kernel function. The violin’s width at each value is derived from a kernel density estimate.
Quartile: A value dividing ordered data into four groups of equal size. Quartiles commonly appear as an interior box over the violin.
Exploratory data analysis: The use of graphical and numerical methods to inspect data and identify patterns, anomalies, and relationships. Violin plots help reveal distribution features before formal modeling.
Histogram: A graph showing the frequencies of numeric observations within adjacent value intervals. Histograms expose bin counts directly, while violins smooth observations into a density shape.
Bandwidth selection: The process of choosing a smoothing parameter for a kernel density estimate. Different choices can create or erase apparent peaks in a violin.
Bandwidth (statistics): A smoothing parameter that controls the scale over which observations influence a kernel density estimate. Bandwidth determines whether small peaks and gaps appear in the violin’s outline.
Median: The middle value of an ordered dataset, with half the observations at or below it. The median is often marked inside a violin as a compact center summary.
Raincloud plot: A composite graph combining a half-violin density, raw observations, and summary statistics. It extends the violin approach by making individual observations visible.
Strip plot: A graph displaying individual observations along an axis, often with slight offsets to reduce overlap. Strip plots preserve each data point, unlike a violin’s smoothed summary.
Kernel density estimation bias: Systematic distortion introduced when a kernel density estimate smooths the underlying distribution. The violin’s outline can blur boundaries and shift or flatten genuine features.

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