Viral latency

Viral latency is a state in which a virus persists inside host cells with limited or no active replication. The viral genome can remain capable of reactivation.

Viral genome integration: The insertion of viral genetic material into a host cell's chromosomes. Integrated viral DNA can persist through cell division, as in latent HIV infection.
Herpes simplex virus: A herpesvirus that causes oral or genital infections and can persist latently in sensory neurons. Its neuronal latency can later reactivate and cause recurrent lesions.
Virus: An infectious agent that replicates inside cells using host biological machinery. Latency is one possible state in the life cycle of some viruses.
Antiviral therapy: The use of medicines that inhibit viral infection or replication. Many antivirals suppress active replication but do not eliminate latent viral genomes.
Episome: A DNA molecule that persists in a cell separately from its chromosomes, sometimes replicating alongside them. Some latent viruses maintain their genomes as episomes rather than integrating into host DNA.
Varicella-zoster virus: A herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and can later reactivate as shingles. It persists in sensory ganglia after the initial infection.
Host cell: A cell in which an infectious agent lives or replicates. Latent viral genomes persist within host cells rather than circulating as active particles.
HIV latency reversal: An experimental strategy that activates latent HIV so infected cells may be targeted and eliminated. It addresses the persistent HIV reservoir that standard therapy leaves intact.
Viral reactivation: The resumption of viral gene expression and replication after a period of latency. Reactivation is the transition out of latency that can produce infectious virus and symptoms.
Epstein–Barr virus: A herpesvirus that infects B cells and is associated with infectious mononucleosis and several cancers. It establishes lifelong latency in B cells and can alter their growth.

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