Volcanic cone

A cone-shaped landform built from volcanic material around an eruption vent. Its shape and structure reflect the kinds of material erupted and how they accumulated.

Volcanic vent: An opening through which magma, gases, and fragmented rock reach Earth's surface. Eruptions through a vent supply the material that builds the cone.
Parícutin: A cinder cone in Mexico that began erupting in a farmer's field in 1943. Its rapid growth documented how a cinder cone forms during an eruption.
Cinder cone: A small, steep-sided volcano built mainly from loose pyroclastic fragments around a vent. It is the classic cone built from accumulated loose tephra.
Strombolian eruption: An eruption style marked by intermittent bursts that eject incandescent fragments from a vent. Repeated bursts can pile cinders around a vent into a cone.
Volcanic hazard: A potential source of harm associated with volcanic activity, including lava, ash, and debris flows. Eruptions and slope failures from cones expose nearby areas to multiple hazards.
Magma: Molten or partly molten rock beneath Earth's surface, often containing dissolved gases and crystals. Magma supplies lava and explosive fragments that form volcanic cones.
Sunset Crater: A cinder cone in Arizona formed by an eruption roughly a millennium ago. Its cone and lava flows show how tephra and lava can occur together.
Stratovolcano: A volcano built from alternating layers of lava flows and fragmented eruption deposits. Its broad, layered edifice contrasts with cones made chiefly of loose fragments.
Vulcanian eruption: A short, explosive eruption that ejects dense ash clouds and blocks from a volcano. Its fragmented ejecta can add material to a cone or alter its summit.
Lahar: A fast-moving mixture of water and volcanic debris flowing down a volcano's slopes and valleys. Cone deposits can be remobilized by water into destructive flows.

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