Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin is the diverse, non-literary Latin spoken across the Roman world. Its regional varieties changed over time and developed into the Romance languages.

Latin phonology: The sound system and pronunciation patterns of the Latin language. Changes in Latin sounds helped distinguish spoken varieties from classical pronunciation and shape Romance forms.
Old Latin: The early form of Latin attested in inscriptions and texts before the classical period. Vulgar Latin grew from spoken Latin traditions that predated the classical literary standard.
Pompeii graffiti: Informal wall inscriptions preserved in Pompeii by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. Their spellings and expressions preserve glimpses of everyday Latin outside formal literature.
Literary Latin: The formal written varieties of Latin used in literature and public communication. Vulgar Latin denotes speech varieties that were not governed by literary conventions.
Spanish language: A Romance language descended from spoken Latin and now spoken across Spain and the Americas. Spanish preserves and transforms features inherited from regional Latin speech.
Latin grammar: The system of morphology and syntax used in Latin. Changes to case endings and sentence structure distinguish later spoken usage from literary norms.
Roman Republic: The period of Roman government from the late sixth century BCE to 27 BCE. Republican conquest and settlement expanded the territory in which Latin was spoken.
Appendix Probi: A late antique list correcting nonstandard Latin forms, preserved with the works of the grammarian Probus. Its corrections expose spoken forms that diverged from educated grammatical expectations.
Medieval Latin: The forms of Latin used in writing and education during the Middle Ages. Written medieval Latin continued after spoken Latin varieties had developed into Romance languages.
French language: A Romance language descended from spoken Latin and shaped by regional and contact influences. French developed from Latin varieties in Gaul through extensive sound and grammatical change.

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