Walter Gilbert

Walter Gilbert is an American biochemist and molecular biologist who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing methods to determine DNA sequences.

DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Gilbert’s chemical sequencing method helped establish DNA sequencing as a practical research tool.
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that uses chemical reactions to cleave DNA at specific nucleotide types. Gilbert co-developed this chemical method for reading DNA sequences.
Allan Maxam: An American molecular biologist who co-developed chemical DNA sequencing with Walter Gilbert. Maxam and Gilbert jointly devised the chemical cleavage approach named for them.
Lac operon: A bacterial gene-regulation system that controls genes needed to metabolize lactose. Gilbert and Benno Müller-Hill helped isolate the lac repressor that regulates this system.
Sanger sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that uses chain-terminating nucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths. It was the principal alternative to Maxam–Gilbert sequencing and became more widely used.
Human Genome Project: An international research effort that mapped and sequenced the human genome. Gilbert advocated a large-scale effort to sequence the human genome before the project began.
Frederick Sanger: A British biochemist who developed a DNA sequencing method based on chain termination. Sanger’s enzymatic approach competed with Gilbert’s chemical sequencing method.
Paul Berg: An American biochemist who received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for recombinant DNA research. Berg shared the Nobel Prize with Gilbert and Sanger for pioneering molecular biology.
Benno Müller-Hill: A German molecular biologist who collaborated with Walter Gilbert on the lac repressor. Their collaboration connected Gilbert’s laboratory to the discovery of a gene-regulating protein.
Next-generation sequencing: A collection of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies that process many DNA fragments in parallel. These technologies replaced labor-intensive first-generation methods for most large-scale sequencing.

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