War communism

War communism was the Bolshevik government’s emergency economic policy during the Russian Civil War, marked by nationalization, grain requisitioning, and centralized distribution.

Prodrazvyorstka: A grain-requisition system that required peasants to surrender specified surpluses to the state. Its compulsory collection of grain was war communism’s central method for feeding cities and armies.
Russian famine of 1921–1922: A famine in Soviet Russia that killed millions amid drought, economic disruption, and civil-war policies. Requisitioning and economic breakdown worsened rural deprivation before the famine.
October Revolution: The Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia in October 1917, according to the Julian calendar then in use. The new government’s consolidation of power preceded its wartime economic measures.
Market economy: An economic system in which prices and production are largely shaped by voluntary exchange and competition. War communism replaced much ordinary market exchange with state allocation and compulsion.
Nationalization: The transfer of privately owned assets into state ownership. The Bolsheviks brought major industries and trade under state control during the policy.
Tambov Rebellion: A major peasant uprising against Soviet rule in Tambov Province from 1920 to 1921. The revolt was fueled by resistance to grain requisitioning and coercive state power.
Bolsheviks: A revolutionary Marxist faction that seized power in Russia in 1917 and established Soviet rule. The Bolshevik leadership designed and enforced war communism.
Socialism: A family of political and economic doctrines advocating social or public control over productive resources. War communism was a specific emergency policy, not the whole range of socialist systems.
Central planning: An economic system in which state authorities direct production and allocate resources. Government agencies attempted to coordinate production and distribution across the economy.
Kronstadt rebellion: A 1921 uprising by sailors and workers at the Kronstadt naval base against Bolshevik rule. Its demands for political change and economic relief exposed discontent among former Bolshevik supporters.

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