War of the Fourth Coalition

A European war fought from 1806 to 1807 between Napoleonic France and its allies and a coalition led by Prussia and Russia. French victories ended the conflict with the Treaties of Tilsit.

Battle of Jena–Auerstedt: A pair of battles fought on 14 October 1806 in which Napoleon’s forces defeated the Prussian army. The defeats shattered Prussia’s field army at the war’s outset.
War of the Third Coalition: The 1805 war in which France defeated a coalition led by Austria, Russia, and Britain. Its settlement left Prussia facing a stronger France and a changing German order.
Napoleon: French military and political leader who became emperor in 1804 and dominated European affairs until 1815. He directed the French campaigns that defeated Prussia and Russia.
Prussian Reform Movement: A series of military, administrative, and social reforms undertaken in Prussia after its defeat by France in 1806. The defeat exposed weaknesses that reformers sought to address.
Battle of Eylau: An indecisive, exceptionally bloody battle fought between French and Russian forces in February 1807. It checked Napoleon’s advance before the decisive summer campaign.
Treaty of Schönbrunn: A 1805 treaty between France and Prussia that addressed Prussian neutrality and the occupation of Hanover. The dispute over Hanover and the treaty’s terms deepened Prussian distrust of Napoleon.
Alexander I of Russia: Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825, involved in the Napoleonic Wars and European diplomacy. His negotiations with Napoleon at Tilsit ended Russia’s participation in the war.
Kingdom of Westphalia: A Napoleonic client state established in 1807 from territories taken from Prussia and other German rulers. Its creation embodied the territorial losses imposed on Prussia at Tilsit.
Battle of Friedland: A battle fought on 14 June 1807 in which Napoleon defeated the Russian army near Friedland in East Prussia. Its outcome pushed Tsar Alexander I toward negotiations.
Confederation of the Rhine: A French-backed association of German states created in 1806 under Napoleon’s protection. Its establishment threatened Prussia’s influence among German states.

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