War of the Sixth Coalition

The 1813–1814 conflict in which Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, and their allies defeated Napoleon’s French Empire and forced his first abdication.

Battle of Leipzig: An October 1813 battle in which coalition armies decisively defeated Napoleon near Leipzig. This largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars broke French power in Germany.
French invasion of Russia: Napoleon’s 1812 campaign in Russia, which ended in catastrophic French losses and retreat. The destruction of much of Napoleon’s army made renewed resistance possible.
Alexander I of Russia: Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825 and a leading opponent of Napoleon. He kept Russia committed to the campaign that pushed the coalition westward.
First Bourbon Restoration: The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France after Napoleon’s first abdication in 1814. The coalition’s victory returned the French throne to Louis XVIII.
War of the Fourth Coalition: The 1806–1807 conflict in which Prussia and Russia, among others, fought Napoleonic France. Its earlier defeat contrasts with Prussia’s decisive role in 1813–1814.
Campaign in France (1814): The 1814 invasion of France by coalition armies, ending with Paris’s capture and Napoleon’s abdication. It carried the coalition’s advance from the Rhine to the French capital.
Russian campaign of 1812: The sequence of battles and retreats during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812. Its aftermath left Russia determined and able to carry the war into central Europe.
Frederick William III of Prussia: King of Prussia from 1797 to 1840, who joined the coalition against Napoleon in 1813. His decision to align Prussia with Russia expanded the war against France.
Congress of Vienna: A diplomatic congress held from 1814 to 1815 to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The allies translated victory into new borders and a European balance of power.
War of the Fifth Coalition: The 1809 conflict between Napoleonic France and an alliance led by Austria and Britain. Austria’s renewed resistance came after its defeat in this earlier coalition war.

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