Wars of Scottish Independence

A series of conflicts from 1296 to 1357 in which Scotland resisted English rule and ultimately secured recognition of its independence.

Battle of Stirling Bridge: A 1297 Scottish victory in which forces led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeated an English army. Its victory briefly shifted the military balance toward the Scottish resistance.
Robert the Bruce: King of Scots from 1306 to 1329 who led Scotland to major victories and recognized independence. His kingship and military leadership defined the successful Scottish campaign.
Death of Alexander III of Scotland: The 1286 death of Scotland's king, which left his young granddaughter Margaret as heir. It began the succession crisis that exposed Scotland to English intervention.
Treaty of Berwick: A 1357 agreement that ended the Second War of Scottish Independence and secured David II's release from English captivity. It closed the later phase without erasing the costs of prolonged conflict.
Battle of Falkirk: A 1298 battle in which Edward I's army defeated Scottish forces led by William Wallace. The defeat weakened Wallace's leadership after the success at Stirling Bridge.
William Wallace: A Scottish military leader who resisted Edward I and became Guardian of Scotland during the 1290s. His early victories made him a central figure in the first resistance.
Margaret, Maid of Norway: The Norwegian granddaughter of Alexander III, recognized as Scotland's heir but who died in 1290 before taking the throne. Her death removed the expected successor and deepened the crisis.
Auld Alliance: A series of agreements linking Scotland and France against English power, beginning with a treaty in 1295. The alliance gave Scotland a diplomatic partner during its conflict with England.
Battle of Bannockburn: A 1314 Scottish victory in which Robert the Bruce's army defeated Edward II's larger force. It secured Bruce's position and sharply strengthened the Scottish cause.
Andrew Moray: A Scottish nobleman and commander who led resistance to English rule alongside William Wallace. His role at Stirling Bridge shows that the early resistance had multiple leaders.

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