White flight

White flight is the movement of white residents from neighborhoods undergoing racial change, often toward suburbs. It contributed to residential segregation and reshaped urban economies and institutions.

Blockbusting: A real-estate practice that induced panic selling by warning white homeowners that Black residents were moving nearby. Agents exploited racial fears to trigger the sales and departures associated with white flight.
Great Migration: The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to other parts of the United States between 1916 and 1970. Black migration transformed Northern and Western cities and altered their housing markets.
Urban decay: The deterioration of buildings, infrastructure, and economic activity in urban areas. Population and investment losses contributed to decline in many city neighborhoods.
White avoidance: The tendency of white households to avoid neighborhoods with substantial or increasing nonwhite populations. Avoidance can shape segregation without requiring residents to move from an existing neighborhood.
Redlining: The denial or restriction of credit and services in areas designated as hazardous, often on racial grounds. Disinvestment limited housing options and investment in neighborhoods left behind by departing residents.
Suburbanization: The growth of residential communities beyond the central areas of cities. Expanding suburbs offered destinations for families leaving racially changing urban neighborhoods.
White flight from public schools: The departure of white students from public schools as those schools became more racially integrated. School enrollment changes often accompanied residential departures and weakened support for urban districts.
Black flight: The movement of Black residents away from predominantly Black urban neighborhoods, often toward suburbs. It shows that suburban migration also occurred among Black households, under different constraints.
Racial steering: The practice of guiding prospective homebuyers toward or away from neighborhoods based on race. Real-estate agents helped preserve racial boundaries even as residents moved.
Interstate Highway System: A federally funded network of highways built across the United States beginning in the 1950s. Highways made suburban commutes easier and sometimes displaced urban communities.

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