White Rose

The White Rose was a student-led resistance group in Nazi Germany that opposed the regime through leaflets and other acts of nonviolent dissent.

White Rose leaflets: A series of underground pamphlets urging Germans to resist Nazi rule and defend human dignity. These texts were the group’s main instrument for spreading dissent.
Nazi Germany: The German state ruled by Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party from 1933 until 1945. The regime’s dictatorship and war were the conditions the group opposed.
Christoph Probst: A German medical student and White Rose member executed with Hans and Sophie Scholl in 1943. He contributed to the group’s resistance and was arrested after the leaflets were discovered.
People's Court (Germany): A Nazi political court established in 1934 to prosecute treason and other offenses against the regime. It imposed the death sentences that followed the White Rose arrests.
Hans Scholl: A German medical student and anti-Nazi activist who helped lead the White Rose. He co-authored leaflets and helped organize their production and distribution.
German Youth Movement: A diverse movement of youth organizations that developed in Germany from the late nineteenth century. Some White Rose members had earlier participated in youth groups shaped by this tradition.
Willi Graf: A German medical student who joined White Rose leaflet campaigns and was executed in 1943. He helped distribute leaflets beyond Munich and connect the group with other opponents.
Execution by guillotine in Nazi Germany: A method of execution used by Nazi Germany, including in political cases. The regime executed several White Rose members by guillotine in 1943 and 1944.
Sophie Scholl: A German student and anti-Nazi activist executed for distributing White Rose leaflets. Her role in distributing the sixth leaflet exposed the group’s operation.
Hitler Youth: The Nazi Party’s youth organization, which sought to indoctrinate and mobilize German young people. The Scholl siblings’ experience in Nazi youth organizations informed their later rejection of the regime.

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