White Terror

The White Terror was a wave of royalist and anti-Jacobin reprisals against former revolutionaries and Jacobin supporters, especially in France in 1795.

French Thermidorian Reaction: The political reaction that followed the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794. It dismantled Jacobin power and opened the path to anti-Jacobin reprisals.
Reign of Terror: A period of state repression and executions in revolutionary France, chiefly from 1793 to 1794. The White Terror answered the earlier revolutionary terror with violence from the opposing political camp.
Maximilien Robespierre: A leading Jacobin politician who dominated the Committee of Public Safety before his execution in July 1794. His fall marked the turning point after which former Jacobins became targets.
Muscardins: A fashionable, anti-Jacobin youth culture in Paris during the Thermidorian period. Their street politics brought the backlash into public life in the capital.
Girondins: A moderate republican faction in the French National Convention, defeated by the Montagnards in 1793. Their return from persecution became part of the reversal against Jacobin dominance.
Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III: An uprising in Paris on 1 April 1795 demanding bread and the enforcement of the French Constitution of 1793. Its defeat intensified measures against popular militants and Jacobins.
Paul Barras: A French revolutionary politician who became a leading member of the Directory. His rise illustrates the political careers built during the post-Thermidorian settlement.
Royalism: Support for monarchy as a form of government or political cause. The White Terror strengthened royalist hopes without restoring the monarchy.
Companions of Jehu: A royalist band active in southeastern France during the post-Thermidorian period. Its attacks on former Jacobins exemplified organized violence associated with the White Terror.
Insurrection of 1 Prairial, Year III: A Parisian uprising in May 1795 that invaded the National Convention and ended in defeat. Its suppression further weakened the sans-culottes and encouraged anti-Jacobin retaliation.

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