Wilhelm Röntgen

Wilhelm Röntgen was a German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

Philipp Lenard: Philipp Lenard was a Hungarian-German physicist who studied cathode rays and received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics. His cathode-ray experiments supplied the apparatus and research context for Röntgen’s investigation.
X-rays: X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light. They were the unknown radiation Röntgen detected and named.
Radiography: Radiography is the creation of images by passing X-rays or other ionizing radiation through an object. Röntgen’s discovery made internal imaging possible without surgery.
University of Würzburg: The University of Würzburg is a public research university in Bavaria, Germany, founded in 1402. Röntgen was working there when he discovered X-rays.
J. J. Thomson: J. J. Thomson was an English physicist who identified the electron in 1897 through experiments on cathode rays. His later work helped clarify the nature of the rays Röntgen had studied.
Cathode ray tube: A cathode ray tube is an evacuated glass device in which an electron beam travels between electrodes. Röntgen used a discharge tube to produce the radiation that triggered his observations.
X-ray crystallography: X-ray crystallography determines atomic and molecular structure from the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. The radiation Röntgen discovered later became a tool for revealing structures too small to see directly.
Crookes tube: A Crookes tube is an early evacuated glass tube used to study electrical discharges and cathode rays. Röntgen’s experiments used a discharge tube of this general kind.
Hermann von Helmholtz: Hermann von Helmholtz was a German physicist and physician whose work spanned electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and physiology. Röntgen studied under Helmholtz and worked within the German physics institutions he helped shape.
Fluorescence: Fluorescence is light emitted by a substance after it absorbs electromagnetic radiation or other energy. A barium platinocyanide screen fluoresced even when shielded from visible light.

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