Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

Wilhelmina was queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. Her reign included Dutch neutrality in World War I, German occupation in World War II, and government in exile in London.

Dutch government-in-exile: The Dutch government that operated from London after Germany occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Wilhelmina remained its head and used broadcasts to sustain resistance and national unity.
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont: Queen consort of the Netherlands who served as regent for her daughter Wilhelmina from 1890 to 1898. Emma governed during Wilhelmina’s minority and prepared her for queenship.
Dutch monarchy: The hereditary constitutional institution headed by the monarch of the Netherlands. Wilhelmina’s office was defined by this institution’s laws and conventions.
Dutch welfare state: The system of public services and social insurance developed in the Netherlands during the twentieth century. Its expansion formed part of the postwar society over which Wilhelmina’s monarchy presided.
Radio Oranje: A Dutch-language radio program broadcast from London by the BBC during World War II. Wilhelmina’s addresses became its most prominent broadcasts to occupied Netherlands.
Juliana of the Netherlands: Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 to 1980 and daughter of Wilhelmina. Wilhelmina’s abdication transferred the throne to Juliana.
Constitutional monarchy: A system in which a monarch serves as head of state under constitutional limits. It explains why Dutch ministers, rather than the queen, held ordinary executive responsibility.
Dutch women's suffrage: The campaign that secured voting rights for women in the Netherlands, achieved nationally in 1919. Women gained national voting rights during Wilhelmina’s reign, though not through her direct political authority.
German invasion of the Netherlands: Germany’s attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, followed by occupation after the Dutch surrender. The invasion forced Wilhelmina and her government to flee to Britain.
Hendrik of Mecklenburg-Schwerin: German-born prince who married Wilhelmina in 1901 and became prince consort of the Netherlands. His marriage to Wilhelmina produced their daughter and heir, Juliana.

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