William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft was the 27th president of the United States and later the tenth chief justice of the Supreme Court. He is the only person to have held both offices.

Theodore Roosevelt: The 26th U.S. president, who preceded Taft and supported his 1908 presidential campaign before becoming his political rival. Roosevelt chose Taft as his successor, then challenged his presidency and split the Republican Party.
United States v. Standard Oil Co.: A 1911 Supreme Court decision ordering the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company under federal antitrust law. Taft’s administration brought the case, a prominent example of his trust-busting policy.
Progressivism: A reform movement that sought to address problems associated with industrialization, urbanization, and concentrated political power. Progressive Republicans criticized Taft’s tariff policy and his handling of conservation disputes.
Judicial Conference of the United States: The national policymaking body for the federal courts, composed of the chief justice and federal judges. Taft helped establish the conference to coordinate administration across the federal judiciary.
Woodrow Wilson: The 28th U.S. president, who defeated Taft and Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. Wilson’s victory followed the Republican split between Taft and Roosevelt.
Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act: A 1909 U.S. law that revised tariffs but retained many high duties, provoking progressive Republican opposition. Taft’s support for the measure damaged his standing with progressive Republicans.
Judicial restraint: A judicial approach that counsels courts to limit intervention in matters assigned to elected branches. Taft’s support for a strong judiciary did not always align with restraint in constitutional cases.
Judges' Bill: The 1925 U.S. law that expanded the Supreme Court’s control over its docket through discretionary review. Taft championed the law to reduce mandatory appeals and let the Court select cases.
Warren G. Harding: The 29th U.S. president, who nominated Taft to become chief justice in 1921. Harding appointed Taft to the Supreme Court’s top position after Taft’s presidency.
Ballinger–Pinchot affair: A 1909–1910 political controversy over public lands and conservation policy in the Taft administration. The dispute deepened the break between Taft and Roosevelt’s conservation allies.

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