Würm glaciation

The last major glacial period in the European Alps, spanning roughly 115,000 to 11,700 years ago. It was marked by repeated advances and retreats of Alpine glaciers.

Glacial cycle: A recurring pattern of global climate changes that alternates between colder glacial periods and warmer interglacials. The Würm was the latest glacial interval within this larger rhythm.
Riss glaciation: An earlier major glacial period in the European Alps, preceding the Würm glaciation. Its deposits and landforms distinguish the Würm from the preceding Alpine glaciation.
Albrecht Penck: A German geographer and geologist who helped establish the classic sequence of Alpine glaciations. His work defined the traditional four-stage Alpine scheme that includes the Würm.
Glacier: A persistent body of land ice that moves under its own weight. The Würm was defined by the growth and movement of Alpine glaciers.
Deglaciation: The large-scale retreat of glaciers and ice sheets as climate warms. The end of the Würm brought rapid retreat of Alpine ice after about 19,000 years ago.
Pleistocene: The geological epoch from about 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago, characterized by repeated glaciations. The Würm occupied the Pleistocene’s closing stretch.
Rhine Glacier: A major Pleistocene glacier system that flowed from the Alps into the northern Alpine foreland. Its advances carried Würm ice and sediment into the foreland.
Eduard Brückner: A German geographer who collaborated with Albrecht Penck on the chronology of Alpine glaciations. His joint research helped identify and name the Würm glaciation.
Glacial geology: The study of landforms and sediments created by glaciers and ice sheets. Its methods reconstruct the extent and sequence of Würm ice advances.
Holocene: The current geological epoch, beginning about 11,700 years ago after the last glacial period. It followed the Würm and contains the postglacial landscape of the Alps.

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GunzCompared with: It is much younger than Gunz in the conventional Alpine sequence.