Knowra Xenophobia Xenophobia Xenophobia is fear, distrust, or hostility toward people perceived as foreign or culturally different. It can appear in individual attitudes, public rhetoric, and discriminatory practices.
In-group and out-group : An in-group is a group someone identifies with; an out-group is one they perceive as distinct. Xenophobia often casts people seen as foreign as an out-group.
Racism : Racism is prejudice, discrimination, or unequal power organized around racial categories. Xenophobia may overlap with racism, but can target perceived foreignness regardless of race.
Hate crime : A hate crime is a criminal act motivated partly by bias against a protected or targeted group. Xenophobic hostility can motivate attacks on people perceived as outsiders.
Chinese Exclusion Act : The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. It converted anti-Chinese prejudice into a national immigration restriction.
Forced migration : Forced migration is the movement of people compelled to leave their homes by coercion, violence, or severe threats. Xenophobic persecution can drive people from their homes or prevent safe return.
Scapegoating : Scapegoating assigns blame for problems to a person or group with limited power to answer back. Foreign-born groups can be blamed for economic or social problems they did not cause.
Ethnocentrism : Ethnocentrism evaluates other cultures through the standards and assumptions of one's own culture. Ethnocentrism can foster suspicion of outsiders without necessarily becoming hostility toward them.
Immigration policy : Immigration policy comprises laws and administrative rules governing entry, residence, and citizenship. Xenophobic assumptions can shape restrictions and enforcement directed at migrants.
Japanese American incarceration : During World War II, the United States forcibly confined over 100,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of them citizens. Wartime suspicion turned perceived foreign ties into mass state persecution.
Social exclusion : Social exclusion is the process by which people are denied full participation in economic, political, or community life. Hostility toward outsiders can restrict access to institutions and shared public spaces.
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