Xenophon

Xenophon was an Athenian soldier, historian, and philosopher whose works include the Anabasis, Hellenica, and Memorabilia.

Anabasis: Xenophon’s account of the Greek mercenaries’ march from Persia to the Black Sea after Cyrus the Younger’s defeat. This work recounts the campaign that made Xenophon’s leadership and military experience central to his reputation.
Cyropaedia: Xenophon’s partly fictional account of Cyrus the Great, presenting an idealized model of leadership and education. It reveals Xenophon’s interest in how rulers acquire authority and govern.
Cyrus the Younger: A Persian prince who recruited Greek mercenaries in 401 BCE to challenge his brother Artaxerxes II. Xenophon joined Cyrus’s expedition, whose failure launched the retreat narrated in the Anabasis.
Herodotus: A Greek historian whose Histories examine the causes and course of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus’s broad inquiry into peoples and cultures contrasts with Xenophon’s closer focus on events he knew.
Hellenica: Xenophon’s history of Greek affairs from 411 to 362 BCE, continuing Thucydides’ account of the Peloponnesian War. It is Xenophon’s principal narrative of the political and military history of his own era.
Agesilaus: Xenophon’s encomium of Agesilaus II, the Spartan king he admired. Its praise of a Spartan ruler displays Xenophon’s political sympathies and personal loyalties.
Agesilaus II: A Spartan king who campaigned across Greece and Asia Minor in the early fourth century BCE. Xenophon accompanied him and wrote an admiring account of his character.
Diodorus Siculus: A Greek historian of the first century BCE who composed a universal history from mythic times to his era. His later account of fourth-century events lets historians compare Xenophon with a broader narrative tradition.
Memorabilia: Xenophon’s collection of conversations and recollections presenting the character and teachings of Socrates. It preserves Xenophon’s philosophical portrait of Socrates alongside his historical and military works.
Constitution of the Lacedaemonians: Xenophon’s account of the institutions and customs attributed to Sparta’s legendary lawgiver Lycurgus. It examines the Spartan system that Xenophon often treated as a model of discipline.

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