Xiong Shili

Xiong Shili (1885–1968) was a Chinese philosopher whose New Treatise on the Uniqueness of Consciousness developed a modern metaphysics from Confucian and Buddhist ideas.

New Treatise on the Uniqueness of Consciousness: Xiong Shili’s major philosophical work, presenting his account of reality, mind, and moral cultivation. This book gives the fullest systematic statement of the metaphysics associated with Xiong.
New Culture Movement: An intellectual and cultural movement in early twentieth-century China advocating reform and reassessing inherited traditions. Its challenge to classical thought shaped the modern intellectual setting in which Xiong defended Confucian philosophy.
Mou Zongsan: A twentieth-century Chinese philosopher who developed a major modern interpretation of Confucianism. Mou studied with Xiong and became a leading successor who critically extended his philosophical project.
New Confucianism: A modern intellectual movement that reinterprets Confucian philosophy in response to modern science, politics, and philosophy. Xiong is a foundational figure in this movement, though its thinkers developed distinct systems.
New Confucianism in Hong Kong and Taiwan: The postwar development of modern Confucian philosophy by thinkers based largely in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Xiong’s students helped carry his philosophical inheritance into this influential postwar setting.
Ti Yong: A Chinese philosophical framework distinguishing an underlying substance or basis from its functions and manifestations. Xiong reworks substance and function to explain how reality’s basis appears as changing things.
Chinese Buddhism: The traditions and institutions through which Buddhism developed in China, interacting with local philosophies and practices. Xiong’s early Buddhist study and later criticism belong to this broader intellectual history.
Xu Fuguan: A modern Chinese scholar and political thinker associated with the New Confucian movement. Xu belonged to the generation of modern Confucian thinkers shaped by debates Xiong helped renew.
Western philosophy: The diverse philosophical traditions originating in Europe and later developed across the world. Xiong’s modern project took shape amid encounters with Western ideas, which he selectively criticized and adapted.
Confucian modernity: The debate over how Confucian values and institutions can interact with modern social and political life. Xiong’s system offers a metaphysical and ethical route for arguing that Confucianism can be modern.

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Mou Tsung-sanRelated: Xiong was Mou’s teacher and an earlier model for rebuilding Confucian philosophy.