Yahweh

Yahweh is the God of ancient Israel, whose name appears in Hebrew scripture as the four consonants YHWH. The name’s original pronunciation is uncertain.

Tetragrammaton: The four Hebrew consonants YHWH, used in the Bible as the divine name. This is the written form of Yahweh’s name in Hebrew scripture.
Covenant (biblical): A binding relationship established between God and people in biblical narratives. Covenant language frames Yahweh’s obligations and Israel’s obligations in major biblical accounts.
Kuntillet Ajrud: An eighth-century BCE archaeological site in the northeastern Sinai with inscriptions invoking Yahweh. Its inscriptions mention Yahweh alongside regional place names and illuminate early devotion.
El (deity): The chief god in several ancient West Semitic religions and a name for God in the Hebrew Bible. Biblical language and inscriptions raise questions about how Yahweh related to El traditions.
Adonai: A Hebrew title meaning “my Lord,” used in Jewish reading in place of YHWH. Its liturgical use explains why the written divine name is not ordinarily pronounced in Jewish tradition.
Hebrew Bible: The collection of ancient Jewish scriptures, also called the Tanakh. Its books preserve the principal textual evidence for Israelite understandings of Yahweh.
Exodus: The biblical account of Israel’s departure from slavery in Egypt under Moses. The story presents Yahweh as liberator and grounds Israel’s covenant with him.
Mesha Stele: A ninth-century BCE Moabite inscription recounting King Mesha’s victories and worship of Chemosh. It names Yahweh outside the Bible in a contemporary account of conflict with Israel.
Baal: A title meaning “lord” used for a major storm and fertility god in ancient Canaan. Biblical texts often set Yahweh’s worship against Baal’s, especially in disputes over rain and fertility.
Jehovah: A later Latinized form of the divine name YHWH, produced by combining its consonants with vowel markings for Adonai. This familiar form differs from scholarly reconstructions of the name’s ancient pronunciation.

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