Yellow fever

Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. Severe illness can damage the liver and kidneys, causing jaundice, bleeding, and organ failure.

Yellow fever virus: An RNA virus in the genus Flavivirus that causes yellow fever in humans and other primates. This virus infects organs including the liver, producing the disease’s characteristic severe symptoms.
Yellow fever vaccine: A live attenuated vaccine that provides strong, usually long-lasting protection against yellow fever. Vaccination is the principal way to prevent infection and is required for entry into some countries.
Walter Reed: A U.S. Army physician who led research establishing mosquito transmission of yellow fever in Cuba. His commission’s experiments in 1900 provided decisive evidence that mosquitoes transmit the disease.
Dengue fever: A mosquito-borne viral disease that can cause fever, severe pain, and life-threatening bleeding or shock. Dengue shares mosquito transmission and some symptoms with yellow fever but is caused by a different virus.
Yellow fever in Angola (2015–2016): A major yellow fever outbreak in Angola that began in 2015 and spread to neighboring countries. The outbreak demonstrated how urban transmission can overwhelm vaccination and surveillance capacity.
Aedes aegypti: A mosquito species that spreads several viruses, including yellow fever virus, in urban settings. It sustains urban transmission by carrying the virus between infected people and susceptible hosts.
17D vaccine: A live attenuated yellow fever vaccine strain used in widely administered vaccines. The 17D strain underlies the standard vaccine used in routine immunization and outbreak response.
Carlos Finlay: A Cuban physician who proposed that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever and identified Aedes aegypti as a likely vector. Finlay’s hypothesis preceded and guided later experimental confirmation of mosquito transmission.
Malaria: A parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, often causing recurrent fever and chills. Malaria can resemble yellow fever early in illness, but parasites rather than a virus cause it.
Yellow fever in Brazil (2016–2018): A large outbreak in Brazil involving transmission beyond areas historically recognized as at risk. Its spread through forested regions highlighted the threat of sylvatic spillover to unvaccinated populations.

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