Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol-led dynasty that ruled China from 1271 to 1368. Founded by Kublai Khan, it linked Chinese administration to the wider Mongol Empire.

Yuan dynasty administration: The institutions and offices through which Yuan rulers governed their territories. Its layered institutions combined imperial authority with regional administration.
Mongol conquest of China: The campaigns through which Mongol forces conquered the Jin and Southern Song states. These campaigns brought northern and southern China under Mongol control.
Kublai Khan: Kublai Khan was a Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan dynasty and became its first emperor. He proclaimed the dynasty and established its imperial center in China.
Red Turban Rebellion: A fourteenth-century uprising against Yuan rule that helped bring down the dynasty. Rebel forces exploited fiscal strain and weakening Yuan authority.
Four-class system: A Yuan-era hierarchy that ranked people by broad ethnic and political categories. It formalized unequal status among Mongols, Central Asians, northern Chinese, and southern Chinese.
Jin dynasty: A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. Mongol defeat of the Jin opened the way to rule over northern China.
Ögedei Khan: The second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, who ruled from 1229 to 1241. His reign expanded Mongol control in China before Kublai’s dynasty existed.
Ming dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644 after overthrowing Yuan rule. Its founding marked the end of Mongol rule over China.
Pax Mongolica: A period of relative security and intensified exchange across much of Mongol-ruled Eurasia. Yuan rule connected China to Eurasian routes protected by Mongol power.
Song dynasty: A Chinese dynasty that governed much of southern China until the Mongol conquest in the thirteenth century. The Yuan emerged after the Mongols defeated the Southern Song.

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