Zoonosis

A zoonosis is an infectious disease naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Transmission can occur through direct contact, food, vectors, or contaminated environments.

Spillover infection: An infection transmitted from a host population into a different species or population. Zoonoses arise when pathogens cross from animal hosts into humans.
Zoonotic surveillance: The systematic monitoring of infections and pathogens shared by animals and humans. Joint monitoring can detect zoonotic threats before they spread widely.
Rabies: A viral disease of the nervous system, usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mammal. Rabies is a classic zoonosis maintained in animal populations and preventable after exposure.
Emerging infectious disease: An infectious disease that has recently appeared in a population or is rapidly increasing in incidence or range. Many newly recognized human infections originate in animal hosts.
Anthroponosis: An infectious disease transmitted naturally from humans to animals. It reverses the usual animal-to-human direction specified by zoonosis.
Reservoir of infection: A host or environment in which a pathogen normally persists and from which it can spread. Animal reservoirs maintain pathogens that can eventually infect people.
Veterinary public health: The use of veterinary expertise to protect human health and animal populations. Veterinary measures can reduce infections transmitted from animals to people.
Ebola: A severe disease caused by ebolaviruses, marked by fever and sometimes internal and external bleeding. Ebola outbreaks involve animal-to-human spillover followed by human transmission.
COVID-19 pandemic: The global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in 2019. COVID-19 prompted renewed attention to animal origins and zoonotic spillover.
Reverse zoonosis: The transmission of an infectious agent from humans to other animals. It describes human-to-animal transmission rather than animal-to-human transmission.

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