Abolition of slavery in Brazil

The abolition of slavery in Brazil was the legal dismantling of a system that enslaved millions of Africans and their descendants, completed by the Lei Áurea on 13 May 1888.

Atlantic slave trade: The forced transportation of millions of Africans across the Atlantic for enslavement in the Americas. It supplied the enslaved population whose bondage Brazilian abolition ended.
Luís Gama: A Brazilian abolitionist, journalist, and lawyer who used legal actions to secure freedom for enslaved people. His courtroom work challenged illegal enslavement and helped build abolitionist pressure.
Lei Áurea: The Brazilian law signed on 13 May 1888 that declared slavery abolished throughout the country. Its two articles ended legal slavery without providing compensation or a transition program.
Post-abolition Brazil: Brazilian society after slavery ended in 1888, marked by contested citizenship and persistent racial inequality. The Lei Áurea did not provide land, compensation, or a comprehensive plan for freed people.
Brazilian independence: The separation of Brazil from Portugal, declared in 1822 and recognized in 1825. Independence left slavery intact while creating a Brazilian state that later faced pressure to abolish it.
José do Patrocínio: A Brazilian journalist and abolitionist who campaigned publicly against slavery. His newspapers and activism helped make immediate abolition a mass political cause.
Ceará abolition: The 1884 abolition of slavery in the Brazilian province of Ceará, four years before national emancipation. Provincial abolition demonstrated that slavery could be ended before the imperial government acted nationally.
Brazilian First Republic: The republican regime that governed Brazil from the fall of the monarchy in 1889 until 1930. The monarchy fell soon after abolition, amid resistance from slaveholding interests and wider political conflicts.
Eusébio de Queirós Law: An 1850 Brazilian law that prohibited the transatlantic slave trade to Brazil. It curtailed new imports of enslaved Africans without freeing people already held in slavery.
André Rebouças: A Brazilian engineer and abolitionist who advocated emancipation and social reform. He argued that ending slavery should be followed by land and economic reform.

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