Knowra Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups. Cells convert it to ATP by adding a phosphate group, coupling energy input to cellular energy transfer.
Adenosine triphosphate : Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for cellular processes. Adding a phosphate to ADP produces ATP, the cell’s principal immediate energy carrier.
Adenosine : Adenosine is a nucleoside consisting of adenine attached to a ribose sugar. ADP’s adenine-and-ribose portion is adenosine.
Glycolysis : Glycolysis is a cytosolic pathway that breaks glucose into pyruvate while generating ATP and NADH. Several glycolytic reactions transfer phosphate to ADP to produce ATP.
Guanosine diphosphate : Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) is a nucleotide composed of guanine, ribose, and two phosphate groups. GDP has the same phosphate count as ADP but a different base and distinct roles in signaling and translation.
Oxidative phosphorylation : Oxidative phosphorylation uses electron transport and a proton gradient to synthesize ATP in mitochondria or bacterial membranes. It regenerates ATP from ADP using energy released by electron transport.
Adenine : Adenine is a purine nucleobase found in DNA, RNA, ATP, and other biological molecules. It is the nitrogenous base in ADP’s adenosine portion.
Citric acid cycle : The citric acid cycle oxidizes acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide while generating reduced electron carriers and a small amount of nucleotide triphosphate. Its substrate-level phosphorylation can convert ADP to ATP in some tissues.
Uridine diphosphate : Uridine diphosphate (UDP) is a nucleotide composed of uracil, ribose, and two phosphate groups. UDP is another diphosphate nucleotide, commonly used to activate sugars rather than supply cellular energy.
Substrate-level phosphorylation : Substrate-level phosphorylation forms ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP. This ATP-producing route phosphorylates ADP without relying on a membrane proton gradient.
Ribose : Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA and several nucleotides, including ADP. This sugar links ADP’s adenine base to its phosphate groups.
Show all 23