AMP-activated protein kinase

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a protein kinase complex that responds to cellular energy stress by regulating enzymes and gene expression to conserve energy and support ATP production.

AMP: Adenosine monophosphate is a nucleotide that accumulates relative to ATP when cellular energy is depleted. AMP binding signals energy stress and helps activate AMPK.
Adenosine triphosphate: ATP is the principal energy-carrying nucleotide used to power cellular processes. AMPK responds to energy stress reflected in falling ATP relative to AMP and ADP.
Metformin: Metformin is a widely used medication for treating type 2 diabetes, especially by reducing hepatic glucose production. Its metabolic effects intersect with AMPK, though some actions occur independently of the kinase.
David Carling: David Carling is a British biochemist whose work helped establish AMPK as a regulator of cellular metabolism. His research helped define the kinase and its regulation by AMP.
Autophagy: Autophagy is a cellular recycling process that delivers components to lysosomes for degradation and reuse. AMPK can promote autophagy when energy is scarce and cellular resources must be recycled.
AMPK heterotrimer: The AMPK complex consists of a catalytic alpha subunit and regulatory beta and gamma subunits. Its subunits combine kinase activity, fuel sensing, and scaffold functions.
Adenosine diphosphate: ADP is a nucleotide formed when ATP loses one phosphate group. ADP binding helps protect AMPK from deactivation during energy stress.
AICAR: AICAR is a nucleoside precursor converted inside cells to an AMP mimetic that can activate AMPK. It is a widely used experimental tool for probing AMPK signaling.
Grahame Hardie: Grahame Hardie is a biochemist known for major contributions to the discovery and study of AMPK. His work clarified AMPK’s role as a cellular energy sensor.
Mitochondrial biogenesis: Mitochondrial biogenesis is the production and growth of mitochondria within a cell. Sustained AMPK signaling can support pathways that increase mitochondrial capacity.

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