Aerenchyma

Aerenchyma is plant tissue with large, interconnected air spaces that facilitate gas movement through submerged or waterlogged organs and can aid buoyancy.

Plant cortical tissue: Plant cortical tissue is the region of ground tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissue in stems and roots. Aerenchyma commonly forms in the cortex, where spaces can connect roots to aerial organs.
Rice: Rice is a cereal crop whose cultivated species, Oryza sativa, is adapted to flooded cultivation. Its root aerenchyma supports oxygen transport in flooded paddy soils.
Parenchyma: Parenchyma is a plant ground tissue composed mainly of living cells with relatively thin walls. Aerenchyma is commonly a specialized form of parenchymatous tissue.
Pneumatophore: A pneumatophore is a specialized aerial root that grows above waterlogged soil or water and takes up gases. Unlike internal aerenchyma, a pneumatophore is an exposed organ that accesses atmospheric air.
Lysigenous aerenchyma: Lysigenous aerenchyma forms when cells die and break down, leaving air-filled spaces in plant tissue. This formation route creates cavities by cell death rather than by separating living cells.
Wetland plants: Wetland plants are species adapted to soils that are periodically or permanently saturated with water. Aerenchyma is a widespread anatomical adaptation among plants growing in saturated habitats.
Intercellular space: An intercellular space is a gap between neighboring cells within a tissue. Aerenchyma enlarges and organizes such gaps into connected gas pathways.
Lenticel: A lenticel is a porous region in plant bark that permits gas exchange between internal tissues and the atmosphere. Lenticels admit gases at the surface, while aerenchyma distributes them through internal tissue.
Schizogenous aerenchyma: Schizogenous aerenchyma forms when neighboring cells separate to create air spaces without being destroyed. This alternative formation route preserves the cells surrounding the gas-filled spaces.
Mangroves: Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones. Some mangroves use internal air spaces to move gases between aerial roots and submerged tissues.

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