Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya is an Islamic revival movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in British India in the late 19th century. Its central beliefs include his status as the Promised Messiah and Mahdi.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad: An Indian religious leader who founded the Ahmadiyya movement and claimed to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi. His claims and teachings form the movement’s foundation.
Qadian: A town in Punjab, India, that became the birthplace and early center of the Ahmadiyya movement. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad established the movement’s headquarters there.
Khilafat in Ahmadiyya: The institution of spiritual leadership by elected caliphs established after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s death. It provides continuing central leadership for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
Khatam an-Nabiyyin: The Qur’anic title for Muhammad, commonly translated as “Seal of the Prophets.” Different readings of this title underlie disagreement over Ahmad’s prophetic status.
1974 anti-Ahmadi riots in Pakistan: Violent anti-Ahmadi unrest in Pakistan in 1974 that preceded the constitutional declaration of Ahmadis as non-Muslims. The violence intensified political pressure for the state to classify Ahmadis.
Mahdi: An eschatological figure in Islam expected to establish justice before the end of time. Ahmadi Muslims identify Mirza Ghulam Ahmad with the promised Mahdi.
British India: The territories of the Indian subcontinent governed by Britain from 1858 until 1947. Ahmadiyya arose amid the religious debates and colonial institutions of British India.
Anjuman: A governing council that administered the Ahmadiyya movement after its founder’s death. The council’s authority became a point of dispute during the movement’s early succession.
Ahmadiyya in Pakistan: The history and legal status of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan, where constitutional and criminal measures restrict their religious self-identification. Pakistan’s laws make the dispute over Ahmadi identity a matter of state policy.
Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan: A 1974 constitutional amendment that defined Ahmadis as non-Muslims under Pakistani law. It gave legal force to a religious exclusion with lasting consequences.

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