Alexander Dubček

Alexander Dubček was a Czechoslovak and Slovak Communist politician who led the 1968 Prague Spring reforms and later served as speaker of Czechoslovakia’s Federal Assembly.

Antonín Novotný: Antonín Novotný was Czechoslovakia’s Communist Party leader and president before being displaced by reformers in 1968. Dubček succeeded Novotný as party first secretary in January 1968.
Prague Spring: The Prague Spring was a 1968 Czechoslovak reform movement seeking a more open and decentralized form of socialism. Dubček led this movement as first secretary of the Communist Party.
Action Program of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia: The Action Program was the Czechoslovak Communist Party’s April 1968 plan for political, economic, and social reforms. It set out the policy agenda adopted under Dubček’s leadership.
Charter 77: Charter 77 was a Czechoslovak dissident initiative demanding that the state honor its human-rights commitments. It became a major opposition movement during the period when Dubček was excluded from politics.
Ludvík Svoboda: Ludvík Svoboda was a Czechoslovak general and politician who became president in 1968. As president, Svoboda joined Dubček in negotiations after the Soviet-led invasion.
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia: The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia began in August 1968 to end the Prague Spring reforms. The invasion forced Dubček’s government into negotiations with the Soviet Union.
Socialism with a human face: Socialism with a human face was the reform ideal associated with liberalization during the Prague Spring. Dubček used this phrase to distinguish reform from abandoning socialism.
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic: The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was the Communist-era state that existed from 1960 to 1990. Dubček held senior offices within this state before and after the Prague Spring.
Leonid Brezhnev: Leonid Brezhnev led the Soviet Union from 1964 until 1982. Brezhnev pressed Dubček to reverse reforms and headed the Soviet leadership that invaded Czechoslovakia.
Moscow Protocol: The Moscow Protocol was an agreement imposed on Czechoslovak leaders after the 1968 invasion, requiring reversal of reforms. Dubček signed it after being detained and taken to Moscow.

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