Algerian independence

Algerian independence was the end of French colonial rule in 1962 and the establishment of Algeria as a sovereign state after a war of independence.

French conquest of Algeria: The French invasion and gradual occupation of Algeria, beginning in 1830 and establishing colonial rule. It began the colonial period that ended with Algerian independence.
Algerian War: The armed conflict between France and Algerian nationalists from 1954 to 1962. The war forced France to negotiate the future of Algeria.
Ahmed Ben Bella: An Algerian nationalist leader who became independent Algeria's first president in 1963. His rise linked the liberation movement to the new state's early leadership.
Algerian exodus of 1962: The large-scale departure of European settlers from Algeria during the final months of French rule in 1962. The exodus rapidly changed the population and institutions inherited by the new state.
French Algeria: The French colonial territory in North Africa that existed from the conquest of 1830 until independence in 1962. Its political and social hierarchy shaped the conflict over sovereignty.
Battle of Algiers: The 1956–1957 urban campaign in which French forces fought the FLN in Algiers. Its violence exposed the conflict's stakes and damaged France's international standing.
Ferhat Abbas: An Algerian nationalist politician who led the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic from 1958 to 1961. He represented the independence movement in its provisional government.
Algerian refugee crisis: The displacement of civilians during the Algerian War, including movement across borders into Tunisia and Morocco. War-related displacement continued to shape lives as independence approached.
Algerian nationalism: A political movement seeking self-determination and national sovereignty for Algeria. It turned opposition to colonial rule into a demand for an independent state.
Evian Accords: The March 1962 agreements that established a ceasefire and set terms for Algerian self-determination. They provided the negotiated framework for ending French rule.

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